Sole Proprietorship and Restaurant

1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Background of the Study There are lots of beautiful restaurants with expensive food that get big earnings but they're not properly paying taxes. It can also cause the state or other local government to shut down a restaurant completely if taxes aren’t paid. Other restaurants change their sales for good even before the recession has started. Restaurants have become successful but others fail because of some problems like a bad location, poor visibility, no parking or maybe no foot traffic. These can affect the restaurant’s progress. 1. 2 Theoretical FrameworkMission: To serve great food at a reasonable price The restaurant is a single proprietorship; it has only one owner that provides the total needs of the business. It was established on February 13 2013. The restaurant starts at 6am until 12 midnight. The promos of the restaurant start at 10pm. The menus are based on their fixed menu just like fast foods; they're not changing their list every da y. The restaurant has 5 crew members which serve the customers every day. 1. 3 Statement of the Problem 1. 3. 1 General Problem This study tried to investigate the factors that affect the sales of the Dyulyus crepes and steaks.It answers the question â€Å"How do these factors affect the sales of the restaurant? † 1. 3. 2 Specific Problem This study also tried to answer the following questions: †¢ How do the employee's skills affect the sales of the Dyulyus Crepes and Steaks? †¢ Can changes in climate affects the sales of Dyulyus Crepes and Steaks? †¢ How a new build competent restaurant affects the Dyulyus Crepes and Steaks? †¢ Does the weekly menu give a negative effect on the sales of Dyulyus and Steaks? 1. 4 Significance of the Study The ManagementThis study provides the restaurant the factors and a suggested solution for the problems of the Dyulyus Crepes and Steaks. It can help them to improve the rate of their sales and it gives them some ideas on h ow to avoid a decreasing value of sale's rate. The Customer This study gives some knowledge to the customers about the competition and problems that occur on the restaurant. It will provide reasons why some restaurant give some promos and use different strategies on selling their products. The Researcher Working on the research, the researcher gains some knowledge on how to strategize a single proprietorship restaurant.He becomes aware on how hard to manage a single proprietorship restaurant. The Future Researcher This system can help the future researcher for them to have an idea for their upcoming research. It can guide them in constructing a research paper. 1. 5 Scope and Limitation of the Study Scopes This study focuses only on the following topics: †¢ The factors that affects the sales of the restaurant †¢ The effects that this factors brings on the restaurant's sales †¢ The suggested solutions on the following factors that gives a negative effects on the sales o f the restaurant LimitationsDespite of the following scope of the study, there are things that the study didn't include. These limitations are the following: †¢ The ingredients or recipe of the restaurant's menu †¢ The budget and the expense of the restaurant †¢ The solution for spoiled food 1. 6 Definition of Terms The following words are given with meaning for better understandings of this study: †¢ Sole Proprietorship – is a type of business entity that is owned and run by one individual and in which there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. 2. 0 Review of Related Studies and Literature 2. Foreign and Local Studies Foreign Studies According to the research paper of Syed Saad Andaleeb and Carolyn Conway published at November 3, 2009, the following factors affect the restaurant's sales. Product quality Because the â€Å"product offering† for a full service restaurant is likely to be assessed by evaluating an actual product ( the meal) and by where it is delivered (physical place), we decided to separate the tangibility dimension in SERVQUAL into its two aspects: food quality and the physical design/decor of the restaurant. The former has been discussed earlier along with reliability.From the perspective of physical design, environmental psychologists suggest that individuals react to places with two general, and opposite, forms of behavior: approach or avoidance (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974). It has been suggested that in addition to the physical dimensions of a business attracting or deterring selection, the physical design of a business can also influence the degree of success consumers attain once inside (Darley and Gilbert, 1985). This involves research on the â€Å"services cape† (Bitner, 1992) which is the â€Å"built man-made environment† and how it affects both customers and employees in the service process.Thus, we propose that; the better the physical design and appearance of the restaurant, the greater the level of customer satisfaction. Price The price of the items on the menu can also greatly influence Customers because price has the capability of attracting or Repelling them (Monroe, 1989), especially since price functions as an indicator of quality (Lewis and Shoemaker, 1997). The pricing of restaurant items also varies according to the type of restaurant. If the price is high, customers are likely to expect high quality, or it can induce a sense of being â€Å"ripped off. Likewise, if the price is low, customers may question the ability of the restaurant to deliver product and service quality. Moreover, due to the competitiveness of the restaurant industry, customers are able to establish internal reference prices. When establishing prices for a restaurant, an internal reference price is defined as a price (or price scale) in buyers’ memory that serves as a basis for judging or comparing actual prices (Grewal et al. , 1998). This indicates tha t the price offering for the restaurant needs to be in accord with what the market expects to pay by avoiding negative deviation (i. . when actual price is higher than the expected price). We propose that; the less the accordance of the actual price with expectations (negative deviation), the lower the level of customer satisfaction. Local Studies 2. 2 Foreign and Local Literature Foreign Literature According to the article of buzzle published at January 8 2013, the factor that affects a restaurant's sales is the following: †¢ Demand and Supply †¢ Marginal and Total Utility †¢ Money and Banking †¢ Economic Growth and Development †¢ Income and Employment †¢ General Price Level †¢ Trade Cycles †¢ Inflation †¢ Recession †¢ Exchange Rate Rate of Interest †¢ Government Regulations Local Literature 3. 0 Research Methodology 3. 1 Researched Design The researches are base from the interview with the owner, observation and analysis of th e researcher. The data was taken from the owner and was interpret and studied by the researcher. 3. 2 Data Gathering Procedures 3. 2. 1 Preparation The researcher talks to the owner and set a meeting date for the interview. After setting an interview, the researcher observes the transaction process of the restaurant and constructs some questions that can be use on the interview. 3. 2. 2 Interview with the ownerThe researcher conducts an interview with the owner. The following details are the coverage of the interview: †¢ Restaurant process †¢ Mission of the restaurant †¢ Menu of the restaurant †¢ Factors affecting their sales †¢ Promo's of the restaurant †¢ Strategies of the restaurant 3. 2. 3 Analyze the Study The researcher analyzes the given data from the owner and come up with the following factors which include the: †¢ Price of their foods †¢ Employees skills †¢ Seasons/Climate †¢ Promo's of the restaurant 4. 0 Presentation, Ana lysis and Interpretation of Data 4. 1 Sample Data 4. 1. 1 Restaurant Menu Cold CrepesMango Crepe60 Choco Banana Crepe60 Strawberry Crepe60 Warm Crepes Cheese Steak75 Beef n’ Mushroom75 Chicken Ala King65 Ham n’ Cheese60 Bacon n’ Egg60 Sizzlers T – Bone Steak99 Sirloin Steak75 Pork chop Steak75 Liempo Steak75 Savory Chicken Steak75 Hotdog w/ Egg Steak55 Tapsilog70 Sisig120 Extra Java20 Extra Gravy20 Softdrinks15 4. 1. 2 Interview †¢ What are the promos that this restaurant gives to the customers? Dyulyus Crepes and Steaks gives unlimited rice and free iced tea from 10pm to 12 midnight when you order a food from our restaurant †¢ What are the reasons that affecting the way you sell your products?The reasons are having other competent restaurants, which give a confusion to the customers which restaurant they will choose to eat in. Another reason is the bad weather which cause a laziness to the customers to go outside and buy from a restaurant. â₠¬ ¢ What solutions do you implement when a new competent restaurant becomes popular? It's natural in this kind of business, so we just act natural also. We don't easily get affected and trying to be consistent on our foods. Sometimes we are also implementing an improvement on the recipes. Table 4. 1. 3; Sales of Having a Promo and Without February 18-22, 2013 and February 25-March 1, 2013Table 4. 1. 4; Sales of hiring staff March 4-8, 2013 and March11-15, 2013 4. 2 Interpretation of Data The interview shows that the bad weather, climate and season can affect sales of the restaurant. In some way having a new competent restaurant near at the subject restaurant can also affect the sales. It just likes decreasing the chances that their products will sell. The table 4. 1. 3 shows that promos can affect the sales of the restaurants. People are always looking for promo which gives them a higher discount. The more the discount on the restaurant the more they will avail on the restaurant. Pe ople nowadays are just being practical.The table 4. 1. 4 shows that hiring of additional employees will affects the sales of the restaurant. In a positive way this factor can increase the sales. Having many employees can contribute more in production and serving customers in a fast way. 5. 0 Summary of Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations 5. 1 Summary 5. 2 Conclusions The price is a bit expensive that's why they need to make it more affordable for students with a tight budget considering they only depend on their allowances. The students should also be able to enjoy their promos at their most convenient times and not during midnight where students have already went home.It's also wise to add some crew during peak hours to assist the waves of students coming in during their breaks. Offer menus that are applicable or enjoyable with the weather and always keep the food presentable and delicious especially if you know you have a rival restaurant. 5. 3 Recommendations Bibliography h ttp://www. technologyevaluation. com/search/for/sample-thesis-proposal-of-hrm-students. html http://www. ehow. com/way_6170764_thesis-ideas-management-degree. html Appendices ———————– [pic]

Challenges facing college student Essay

College life is changing for nearly every student. From meal plans and roommates to study abroad and college finances. College life can be a difficult thing to get used to and handle. There will be a lot of time where you doubt yourself and your decision.A lot of student became overwhelm by the requirement of college, the change that took place too fast. No matter how prepared you think you are for college, there are still of shock when you come and have to deal with responsible, the stress of school. and adapting to college campus. The most frequent complaint heard from college students is that their professors are out to fail them and ruin their chance at getting a career. But, what they need to understand is that the professors job is not to force you to do your work, they will not follow you home to make sure that you do what you have to in order to pass the class. Responsible,that seem to be the thing a lot of freshman students seem to lack. They think that they can get away with the same thing that they have been getting away with in high school, that their teacher will pressure them to do their homework and class works in order to pass the class. What they need to understand that they are paying for the education that they are getting, it is up to them if they choose to take it seriously or not. However, it is hard for some kids to go from a high school where their teacher would be on their back about the work their missing work to a college student where the professor would tell them what they need to do and it is up to them if they complete the work or not. Read more:  How to Overcome Challenges Essay On our defence, it hard sometime to go from having some one holding your hand to having to do everything on your own. In your first year of high school, the teacher tell you that they are not here to babysit anyone, they are here to prepare you for college. Yet,they would still hold student hand through the whole process and some can’t break through that phase and take responsible for their own success. what they should do if they are having a hard is to seek help, go see a tutor, work out a time management schedule for your self, and work on doing thing by your self. Success on any major scale requires you to accept responsibility. One of the great destroyers of college students is the belief that thing are very complex, and falling victim to stress. Stress in student happens when student are trying to adjust to college life, emotionally or mentally. Students today face many issues in their life that may clash with their college life like family problem, loss of employment, and school related issues. Student under a lot of stress can end up having depression which could cause student to believe that they are not living up to others expectation or their own expectation. Student end up giving up on their dream and getting some where in life and start doing poorly in school. Most students do not know how to handle the stress they have so they use alcohol, drugs or cheating as a stress reliever. It doesn’t get rid of the feeling you are having it only increase and get more complex until you can handle it no more.if you feel this way go see a student counslor , call a 24-hour help ling, or just find a good friend and tell them hoe you been feeling and together you can get the help you need.In times of stress, the best thing we can do for each other is to listen with our ears and our hearts and to be assured that our questions are just as important as our answers. A majority student go out of state for their college experiences, the desire to get a degree at a university can be a rewarding experience but it can be a challenges to living on campus. For many it is the first time outside of the protection of their family’s security. Coming from parent that used to provide all they need and set the boundaries they went by. When they unleash to the life of a college student where the same life they used to live don’t apply any more. Some student take advantage of their new found freedom to try new thing like drinking, smoking, parties out with friend, wasting hundreds of dollar ruin their college years. Other fall under the pressure and fall prey to depression and bad thoughts. Taking advantage of your freedom can be in a good way like joining clubs, and spending your money wisely. If you new friend want you to join with them smoking and drinking then you need to get a new group if friend that would have a positive influences on you. The only time success occurs before work is in the dictionary. Too many student enter college thinking that theres nothing but good time, friendship, and a new change of direction. They soon come face to face with the challenges and struggles of college life. The challenge of having to take care of their education, having to depend on yourself for success. The struggle of feeling like you are a fail to everyone around you. The difficulty of getting used to all you used to know. They need to keep in their mind â€Å" Before you can work smart, you must work hard†. Opportunities don’t just happen, you need to create them.

Diversity in the Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diversity in the Workplace - Research Paper Example Some of the repositioning programs used are mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, divestitures and demergers. It helps in running business operations effectively: Efficient strategy management by reorganizing business operations can guarantee a role in corporate market. Disadvantages of Restructuring. It can be a ploy: The biggest disadvantage of the restructuring process is that it can be a ploy of saving the company from bankruptcy or acquired by another firm to leverage the buyout by a private equity firm. Staff Retrenchment: It may result in staff cutting as some business segment is sold to another company. Question 12 Evaluating the effectiveness of Propco’s program for increasing diversity of its work force Propco’s program for increasing diversity of its workforce lacks density of devotion on the part of senior management. Racial discrimination has been institutionalized here. They are not giving enough opportunities to the blacks at higher levels. On the name o f restructuring, maximum number of black workforce is being shown pink slip. The company is not benefitting from the multicultural advantage (Greenberg, 2009). Feelings of the black workforce are highly hurt because being a rich company, it is on the spree of firing staff although it could have found some other way like working with the Governor to settle tax breaks and such other options, which the senior management didn’t Diversity helps in promoting unbiased agreement programs through workplace environment and culture to find ways amid differences. It is about learning from the experiences of others who are not similar but respect for all helps in achieving the benefits of varied outlooks (Cornell University, 2010) but in its desire to become one of the more leaner and flexible organizations, Propco is not keeping on regular duty the interns it provides summer jobs from the minority community colleges. No workforce diversity program can be fruitful if incessant lay-offs ye ar-on-year are made. Although there are regular diversity meetings but no genuine effort seems to be made on recruiting more women and minorities. Blacks are there on the company rolls because of contract obligations with the government. As per the rule performing government function requires it to recruit some blacks in the workforce. That’s why they are there in the company. There is a classic case of not adopting workplace diversity as a policy. A black employee who worked on hourly basis and reached high up the ladder to earn $40,000 a year as manufacturing engineer was demoted as a dispatcher on hourly work basis as soon as his mentor left the company. Although he had an engineering degree, his services were not utilized the right way. In stead adding insult to the injury, he was shown an alternative way which went nowhere other than leaving the job. Question 13 Propco needs to make strenuous efforts in the direction of increasing workplace diversity. It should deinstitu tionalize racial discrimination: Racial discrimination seems to be at the heart of the company’s human resource policy. For that a changeover in the mentality of those who matter the most in the company is must. Until the company changes its policy to promote workplace diversity, all efforts would be just a cover. Real progress will come from genuine efforts, which can be easily brought to the notice of all by recruiting more women and blacks. Prejudiced behavior by the seniors by cracking jokes at

The Training Need Analysis Concept Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Training Need Analysis Concept - Assignment Example The concept of Training Need Analysis has been applied successfully in several corporate companies to depict the learning curve of the employee and estimate their potential towards the company. This analysis incorporates the skill specific to the requirement of the company only. Prior to recruitment, the hiring is based upon the credibility, achievements, and merit of the employee irrespective of its relevance to the actual nature of the job. It is after the recruitment when the employees are evaluated against the requirement of the system, and rather their training plan is developed to improve their understanding and knowledge relevant to the actual need of the employer. The question can be raised that what is the point in the recruitment of the individuals who actually have no relevant knowledge and experience; the answer is that the academic institutions have failed to discuss the actual corporate related issues and in some cases the core industrial and corporate related practices are ignored, therefore the training of the job-seekers continue even after the recruitment. Under the post-recruitment phase, the justification provided in favor of the Training Need Analysis system is that this strategy has been able to align the expectations of the employers with the performance of the employees. The Training Need Analysis is the concept of accountability under which the employees are evaluated on a periodic basis to confirm their coherence with the values and working culture of the employer. The development of the company is based upon the talent and ability of the employee, and the concept of Training Need Analysis is the key to enhance the productivity of the company. The employees are considered as the most important asset by the companies, and the Training Need Analysis is the approach through which companies can inspect and verify the potential of their resources. The Training Need Analysis concept is an audit program through which an employer cannot just e valuate but calculate the technical and managerial skills of the employee. I consider this analysis to be quantitative analysis through which the influence and contribution of the employee can be well monitored. The grey areas relevant to the skills of the employee are identified through this approach, and the shortcomings are treated accordingly. The focus of this analysis is limited to the professional skills of the employees. I understand that Training Need Analysis can bridge the gulf between the employer and employee; the expectations of the employer are listed in the skill analysis module. The employees are then regularly monitored against this module, and each skill of the employee is evaluated on a scale.

Paper 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Paper 3 - Essay Example This argument attracted substantial opposing replies. One of the most significant responses argued that if at all the world is poorly designed then it also means that it presupposes the designer. Further counterargument gives a more emphatic reply by stating that maybe there are possibilities that the design of the world has not yet sufficiently been realized in its full perfection, but not based on arguments that it is not perfect. As such, these are just some of the contributing tenets arousing arguments with respect to traditional and natural dialogues on religion that in turn impact on the philosophy of reason, beliefs and morals. However, even from the counterarguments, further theoretical explanations seem to question the reliability of the design of the world. This is for instance significantly represented by Darwin’s theory of evolution. Although Darwin’s theory indirectly describes the design of the world because it only centers on creation of life through natural selection, it has triggered continued conflict between science and religion (Solomon, Clancy & Higgins, 2012). In particular, the church views Darwin’s theory as a factor undermining the credibility of the church because it seems to contradict the church teachings about God as the sole creator of the world. However, if one looks at it from a different perspective from Genesis, the creation was spread across several days, meaning that the idea of natural selection might still hold. Morals, religions, and evil as the three traditional forms of proof for God’s existence have also additionally attracted arguments. Counterarguments suggest that for one to believe in morals, religion and evil; it has to start from the belief in God. Furthermore, these arguments also maintain that the three does not adequately provide actual proofs for God’s existence. Emanuel Kant, for instance, as one of the earliest philosophers that offered counterarguments on religion and morals

Oxygen cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oxygen cycle - Essay Example Human processes like power generation, industrial processes and combustion engine all require heavy amount of oxygen. In fact, besides the demand of living organisms, vehicles require and power generation units have the second highest demand and consumption of oxygen. Photosynthesis, a process through which plants produce their own food with the help of sun light, is the process that replenishes oxygen in the atmosphere. Photosynthesis is the only natural process that produces oxygen to cover its shortage due to respiration and human energy needs. Large forests constantly produce oxygen and maintain its balance in the environment. Photosynthesis not only occurs on land but also in the seas and oceans, where marine plants produce oxygen not only for the marine life but also of the land creatures (Cloud and Gibor, 1970). Estimates by walker (1980) suggest that annual gain in oxygen, as the result of photosynthesis, is about 30,000 X 1010 Kg. In which, 16,500 X 1010 Kg is the gain in oxygen due to land photosynthesis, while; 13,500 X 1010 Kg gain in oxygen due to oceanic photosynthesis. Other processes like photolysis of nitrogen dioxide and water also contribute in producing oxygen. However, the contribution of both the photolysis processes is very little as compared to that of the photosynthesis (Walker,

Comprehensive Strategic Case Analysis of Real Chocolate Study

Comprehensive Strategic Analysis of Real Chocolate - Case Study Example The company is noted for its perfection in hand made gourmet chocolate made from finest quality ingredients with no artificial preservatives added. This paper presents a strategic analysis of the case real chocolate company using some analytical tools such as the PESTLE framework, Porter's five forces and competitive advantage etc. The paper is structured as follows, in part one using the PESTLE framework the paper analyses the environment in which the company is operating based on the case, the Five forces framework of Porter also help us to beef our analysis. Part two of the paper carries out an internal analysis of the real chocolate company, by using basic financial ratios, the SWOT matrix, to identify its competitive advantage and resources capabilities while part three of the paper now uses Porters generic strategy and the TOWS matrix. In the concluding part of the paper, using the balance scorecard some recommendation are made. PESTEL framework is used here because the analysis is concerned with the Macro-environmental influences which can better be analysed by use of the PESTEL framework. Johnson et al (2006) states that the PESTEL framework is a framework that can be used to categorise the factors that influence the business environment of an organisation into six main types including: Political Influences, Economic influences, Technological influences, Social Influences, Environmental influences, and Legal influences. (See appendix 1). The political environment of the United States was unstable following the period of the case with the then Republican government loosing popularity because of the war in Iraq the tooth for tat with Iran, its neglect of Russian on key international issues. The situation was further made worst by its war for peace captioned "war against terror". Thus, at the time of the case, the poor political climate of the States must have affected the operations of real chocolate company international expansion. In 2006, the political situation of the countries was the beans are grown affected production negatively. Economic factors that affected real chocolate companies from the case, prices vary due to monetary fluctuations, raw materials are sources from other countries, the trade between US and Canada were the stores are based are liable to exchange rate fluctuations. Social factors include growth in population. It was reported in June 2006, that the black pod, frosty pod, and witches' broom di seases could adversely affect the cacao beans if these plant diseases are not controlled. Obesity is becoming a major concern in the USA. In 1986, the Centers for Disease Control reported that just eight states had 10 to 14 percent of the residents obese. Technological factor offers real chocolate company an opportunity of automated production without affecting

Digital Evidence and Social Media Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Digital Evidence and Social Media - Article Example The case of Governor Chris is one where digital evidence served to show his vengeance against the mayor of the city. In the case, emails were released as prove that Governor Chris did orchestrate massive traffic issues in Fort Lee in New Jersey. The incident was an act of retribution that had some political connections. The release of the emails as that were evident as part of the investigations about the allegations did spiral into a major political scandal because of the weight of credibility that they carry. In dealing with digital evidence, it is noteworthy to know that electronic activities leave a sequence of footprints (Kizza, 2010). Therefore, it is very easy too although trying to find some specific evidence may seem quite laborious because of the volumes involved. In the case of Governor Chris, he used emails in order to plan his revenge activities. The incident led to the closure of access lanes leading to a massive traffic jam. Although the port authority managed to justify the decision by claiming that it was conducting a traffic study, the latter justify the incident. There was the retrieval of the emails used to make the orchestrations sent directly from the Governor and they formed the basis of filing a scandal against him. When working with digital evidence, no doubt one has to ensure a lot of care because the evidence is very volatile. The previewing and acquiring of data may potentially disturb the data to the extent of changing its status thus causing some doubts concerning his credibility. Therefore, one has to follow some logical steps in order to ensure that the evidence is intact (Kizza, 2010). In the case against Governor Chris, Wildstein did provide a number of emails that Chris’s staff sent to state lawmakers’ panel that was investigating the closures.  

Wine Making Essay Example for Free

Wine Making Essay Wine-making is essentially a chemical process. It involves a chemical reaction in which sugars are turned to alcohol and carbon dioxide in the presence of yeast. There are also many other chemical processes going on which affect the strength, appearance, colour and taste of the wine. Grape Ingredients Wine is made from grapes. In addition to water, grapes contain two different sugars: glucose and fructose, tartaric acid, malic acid, amino acids and a few other chemicals. The chemical processes of wine-making involve several of these components and the amount of each is important in determining the character of the wine produced. Glucose to Ethanol The most important chemical reaction in the wine making process is the breaking down of glucose by yeast, forming ethanol and carbon dioxide as gas. There are various important factors at this stage which affect the wine. First, sulphur dioxide gas is passed through the crushed grapes to kill off wild yeasts. If this was not done the yeasts would compete with one another and fermentation would stop prematurely. Controlling pH Next the pH (acidity) of the grape pulp needs to be controlled. If grapes are too sweet, then their pH is too high (acidity too low) then less flavours are produced in the wine. The pH can be lowered by adding tartaric acid at the start of the fermentation process. Temperature Finally the temperature must be controlled throughout the process. Fermentation is an exothermic process (heat is produced by the reaction), but there are various reasons for keeping the temperature as low as possible. Yeast stops growing as temperatures increase and will die at higher temperatures. Also at lower temperatures colours and flavours are extracted from the skins and by-products such as esters and aromatic compounds are produced which add to the flavour and also the clarity of the wine. Advances in Wine Chemistry As more and more research is done into the constituents of the wine and the way they are formed, two areas in particular stand out. First is the idea that regular consumption of wine in moderation is good for you. Statistical studies have shown that wine drinkers are less prone to heart disease, cancer and other diseases. This may be explained by the fact that wine drinkers tend to have a healthier lifestyle and are in groups which are less at risk to these diseases. It may be that there are certain chemicals that combat certain conditions, for example the antioxidant resveratrol which may reduce cholesterol and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. These chemicals can, of course, be found in other food and drink without the damaging presence of alcohol. Improving Wine Making Then there is the development of the scientific study of the process of wine making, and the technology to improve it. There are many who would desire to depend on the natural processes of grapes and fermentation. Others have studied the chemicals which make up wine, seeking to determine those that cause the flavour, aroma and appearance of wine so that these can be manipulated in the production process. This tension will continue as the desire to make money affects the love of natural processes.

Kants Ethics of Dignity and Free

Kants Ethics of Dignity and Freedom Essay Immanuel Kants moral philosophy contends that morality is grounded from deductive reasoning.   In his Groundwork for   Metaphysics of Morals, Kant introduced the main premise of his moral Philosophy, the Categorical Imperative (Singer, 1993).   The Rationale of Kantian ethics is to construct ethical principles in accordance with rational procedures which includes duty (Singer, 1993).  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kant grounds his moral philosophy on the question â€Å"what I ought to do?†, he then attempts to determine the fundamental principles that humans should adopt.   Kant fully furnishes his ethical claims in a subjective approach regarding what is good for man. Criticism of Previous Ethical Thories In his Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant primarily makes a connection between rationalism and empiricism.   Conversely, Kant counters David Humes empiricism, stating that although all knowledge begin with experience, it does not necessarily mean that it all comes from experience.   In his realization of Humes dubious conclusions, Kant dwelled on the postulation that all ideas are representations of sensory experience (Guyer and Wood, 1998).   To counter Hume, Kant attempted to find another means to derive cause and effect without dependence from empirical knowledge (Guyer and Wood, 1998). Kant grounds his perspective of freedom as autonomy, and morality from the beliefs of renowned French enlightenment philosopher, Jean Jacque Rousseau.   Rousseau believes that freedom is not simply being unbound from any law, but by the laws that are, in a sense,   made by the individual.   Hence, Kant primarily conforms to the idea that freedom bypasses the negative notion of being free from influences that are governed by elements outside the self (Johnson, 2004). Kant, although influenced by rationalist Rene Descartes, counters the latters perspective on the existence of God based on reason, that due to restrictions brought about by reason, no one can really know if there really is a God.   Kant solidifies his claims by stating that justifiable knowledge must be grounded from a reality encountered solely by human experience (Singer, 1993).   In his explanation, Kant asserts that all the preparations for reason in what may be deemed as pure philosophy, are directly adressed to three problems; God, soul and freedom (Guyer and Wood, 1998).   Kant neither denies nor accepts the existence of God, he, however, argues against the rationalist perspective of God and sees the Christian scriptures as a worldly narrative which can be agreed upon as a representation of morality (Singer, 1993). Autonomy and Heteronomy Autonomy and its principles are important in Kants moral philosophy, this is due to the fact that the basis of the actions are based on internal motives.   In this context, the one who acts (the Agent) does it in an autonomous manner since the agent is the only key holder to the basis of the action.   Heteronomy, for Kant is an element in the basis of a moral act that are driven by external factors (Singer, 1993).   A person then who acts under the influence of outside forces is not acting freely, therefore, that person is acting heteronomously. Categorical Imperative Kant grounds the foundations of the princple of his moral philosophy from the denial of principles that are non-universalizable.   Kant formulates this concept as a demand which he calls the categorical imperative (Singer, 1993).   Kants formulation of the categorical imperative claims that Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law   (Singer, 1993).   This sentiment is the core of Kants ethics and is the basis for the maxims or fundamental principles an individual may advocate.    Kants categorical imperative may also be viewed as an end in itself, described as a means that only serves the fulfillment of the interest itself and not to any other purpose.   Immanuel Kant holds that the principles of reason governs the moral law and that irrelevant factors such as what would make people happy, is the basis of morality and the moral law (Guyer and Wood, 1998).   Kant defining Rational beings as people who are capable of moral deliberation who can choose to act by fundamental principles that have universality.   It is in this framework that Kant formulated the Kingdom of Ends and furthered his Categorical Imperative, implying the term kingdom as a group of rational beings bound by common laws. Kant argues that inclination to the categorical imperative bequeaths an individual with autonomous ethical choice.   The basis for such argument is on Kants assertion of the bond between moral law and autonomy.   In his presupposition, Kant suggests that practical will is bound by the categorical imperative through the simple fact of reason, and uses such thought to postulate that our wills are autonomous (Johnson, 2004). The essence of Kants moral philosophy is quite ironic due to the primary intentions that are never achieved. The first point of criticism is that Kant, like many other scholars are in pursuit of a universal truth, given the textual fact that Kants ideas are based on his own assumptions, it is unimaginable that Kant is unable to provide concrete defense of autonomy of the will in accordance to the categorical imperative. Reflection In reference to his categorical imperative, Kant provokes individuals to act according to such principles that ends to the universal law (Singer, 1993).   This categorical imperative, and his moral beliefs for that matter, are based on subjective thinking, another irony on the true aims of his moral philosophy.   In this regard, I think it is safe to connote that Kants undertaking of how an individual should think only provides signs of the conventional human flaw, the fear of elements and concepts that the human brain cannot fully comprehend. Personally, I think Kants suggestion regarding compliance to the categorical imperative provides freedom in ethical decision making is incomprehensible, since one of his underlying concepts is rationality and morality (Singer, 1993).   I feel that Kants moral philosophy may result to individuals to be narrow-minded since they only consider the reasons in doing actions and overlook the possible outcomes that may have destructive tendencies.   I myself cannot see how to live in a world of subjectivity and apathy.   If Kant wrote his ethical theories to burst out personal opinion, he should have been a journalist, rather than a scholar who cannot live up to the principles of his own philosophy. References Johnson, R. (2004). Kants Moral Philosophy. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved 12 February 2008 from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/#Aut Singer, P. (Ed.) (1993). Blackwell companions to philosophy: A companion to ethics. Malden,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MA: Blackwell Publishing. Kant, I., Guyer, P. Wood, A. (Eds.). (1998). Critique of Pure Reason. Cambridgeshire:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge UP.

Ethnic Conflict Or Insurgency In Nepal Politics Essay

Ethnic Conflict Or Insurgency In Nepal Politics Essay Although the unification of Nepal began in the later-half of the eighteenth century, integrating many small principalities and emerging as a nation state of the Westphalian model, Nepal always remained a multiethnic, diverse country without having any core ethno-federal region.  [1]  While Nepal did not experience any significant ethnic problem for almost two and half centuries after it came into being, some of its ethnic groups enjoyed more privilege in the socio-politico-economic sector than others. Yet, after the establishment of a democratic system in 1990, grievances of underprivileged groups surfaced. As the ethnic grievances were burgeoning, the abrupt start of the Maoist insurgency in 1996 overshadowed all ethnic movements, assimilating them into the large-scale Maoist rebellion. Thus, it is difficult to classify the Nepalese ethnic problem and perceive it either as an ethnic conflict, ethnic violence, or a rebel movement. Prior to the initiation of the Maoists armed move ment, ethnic problems in Nepal were based on political, economic, social, and cultural issues, limited, to the level of conflict but did not escalated to the level of violence. However, with the beginning of the Maoist insurgency, the Nepalese conflict turned into an ideological based violent political power struggle against the existing government by a rebel organization. While there may be different interpretations and perceptions regarding whether the Maoist movement was successful or not; one thing is clear, it was successful in outmaneuvering the then governing regime becoming the largest political party bloc in the Constitutional Assembly election. The puzzle remains why the ideological conflict was successful despite the proclamation of end of the history by Francis Fukuyama and a Clash of civilization as a form of future conflict by the eminent political scientist Samuel Huntington after the end of the Cold War.  [2]  My purpose in this paper is to analyze this divergent outcome in Nepal. There has a been a nascent ethnic awareness after the establishment of a democratic system in Nepal, yet, the political mobilization of ethnicity by elites would not have been possible without the political incentives to activate it. I argue that the intervention by the Nepalese Maoists mutated the nature of the ethnic conflict into a fusionist one. Before addressing the core question, I attempt to analyze the Nepalese ethnic conflict through different theoretical lenses. Nepalese Conflict from a Broad Perspective Generally, any ethnic conflict can be explained in the light of three broad approaches -situational, instrumental, and primordial. While explaining the various motivations of conflicts in Nepal, the situational and instrumental approaches seems to be more convincing than a primordial one.  [3]  However, some dimensions of primordial force cannot be ruled out; especially a rise of grievances caused by taking the lid off after the collapse of the monarchy in 2006. When the authoritarian Panchayat system ended in 1990, it had created a power vacuum in Nepalese politics. When political and ethnic entrepreneurs rushed in to fill the void, namely vested, as well as parochial interests weakened the state and formed new democratic institutions. Manipulating these opportunities of political chaos and ethnic grievances, the Maoists came entered the scene with a strategic objective of establishing a totalitarian communist regime. They divided the country into their own administrative units and subunits to consolidate and advance their struggle more effectively and efficiently. Their administrative division of the country based on ethnic lines validated their excessive reliance on ethnicity to achieve ideological strategic objectives.  [4]  According to Michael E. Brown, a single-factor explanation cannot fully explain the evolution and intensity of internal and ethnic conflict, rather he advances multiple arguments derived from in theory existing, causes of internal conflict. Therefore, the Nepalese conflict can also be analyzed by means of three main arguments underlying factors, catalytic or proximate factors, and a role played by domestic elites.  [5]   Underlying Causes of the Nepalese Conflict Four underlying factors suggest why the Nepalese situation and its geography contributed to ethnic conflict. First, the structural factors explain the likelihood of ethnic conflict in terms of weak states, intra-state security concerns, and ethnic geography. While other symptoms of weak states are also more or less prevalent in Nepal, where the political institutions remained in a rudimentary state. Some of the reasons for such an existence of rudimentary political institutions in Nepal are explainable by unhealthy inter-party political rivalry after the establishment of the multiparty democracy in 1990, and the legacy of 104 years of the Rana oligarchic, political system from 1846 through 1950. Some other endogenous factors such as endemic corruption, administrative incompetence, and inability to promote economic development also have contributed immensely as precursors to the conflict. When the Nepalese state became weak, the power struggle between and among various political parties increased. The two major political parties, the Nepali Congress and the Communist Party of Nepal United Marxist Leninist (CPN-UML), and other political parties formed different alliances to claim paramount state power. Most of the time, during the multi-party democratic period, the Nepali Congress was in power; nevertheless, it could not complete even single full term of its tenure in the government following a split in the party. Because of this power struggle among the major political forces, ethnic groups such as Rai, Magar, Limbu, Tamang, Sherpa, Newar, Tharu, and Madhesi, which formerly had been oppressed by the center, were able to assert themselves politically. The weakening state structure also resulted in a less effective control of the Nepal-India border. Such a less effective control rapidly increased cross-border movements of arms, ammunitions, explosives, and other smuggl ed goods. This was a fertile environment for the Maoists to launch their violent ideological struggle. Many people from rural areas moved to neighboring India for greater security and employment. This situation also created a huge number of Internally Displaced People (IDP) within different parts of Nepal When the state grew further weaker, different groups and individuals started arranging for their own security. This also provided incentives to the Maoists for military preparations. The establishment of a Maoist Militia to defend themselves and fight against their enemies threatened the states security apparatus and other groups at community level, resulting in doubling the size of Nepals military and lead as well to the formation of anti-Maoists community defense forces at the local level. This again galvanized an upsurge of the Maoists military structure and a resulting armed violence creating a vicious cycle of security dilemma. At times, community defense forces exhibited offensive capabilities, even if they were formed for defensive purposes. This intensified the security concern caused by the Maoists.  [6]   Nepal was a multi-ethnic fabric woven by a thread of a common language, religion, and tradition obtained through the unification process. During some thirty years of authoritarian rule, from 1960 through 1990, the Panchayat system was relatively successful in consolidating a nation-state based on a single language, religion, and culture; intermingling various ethnic groups throughout the country. However, the melting pot did not completely melt everything in the pot and Nepalese leaders were unable to produce a homogeneous mixture. Some ethnic groups such as the Brahmins and Chhetries intermingled with other ethnic minorities throughout the country while some other ethnic minorities existed in a separate ethnic-geography. Many ethnic groups did not raise secessionist demands; whereas other ethnic non-integrated groups were on and off raising their secessionist demands. At times, these secessionist demands weakened because of the some effects of intermingling with other ethnic communi ties. After establishment of the multi-party democracy in 1990, as a result of a third wave of democratization, ethnic minorities started to demand their rights in a now more liberal political, social, and economic environment. Among various ethnic groups, the Magars in the western part of Nepal became more aggressive and consequently were effectively utilized by the Maoists to initiate their armed struggle. Second, political factors such as the dimensions of discriminatory political institutions; exclusionary national ideologies; inter-group politics; and elite politics serve to explain the Nepalese conflict. The closed authoritarian Panchayat system generated much resentment over time because many minority ethnic groups viewed the system serving primarily the interests of higher caste groups, such as Brahmins and Chhetries. The perceived disproportionate representations of ethnic minorities in government, the military, the police, the political parties, and other state and political institutions created substantial grievances in them. The ethnic conflict grew especially during the political transitioning from authoritarian rule to democracy in the early 1990s. The states repressive attitude during the democratic transitioning as well contributed to propagate insurgency in Nepal. While there were no exclusionary national ideologies per se, the lack of pragmatic implementation of egalitarian principles enshrined in the constitution and civil code contributed the outbreak of the conflict. Although the Nepalese people usually demonstrated civic-nationalism while protesting against foreign interference, the ethno-nationalism prevailed when the institutional vacuum occurred due a drastic political change. But, so far, the ethno-nationalism has not progressed towards an intense secessionist movement. It is pertinent to mention here that the Nepalese exclusionary practices were based on the caste system rather than on religious or ethnic grounds. Occasionally, Nepal experienced inter-group politics especially between Madheshi and non-Madheshi groups, but elite politics played a dominant role most of the time. Desperate and opportunist politicians always tried to take advantage of political and economic turmoil. For instance, the Maoists took advantage of fragile pol itical and economic situations to start their armed revolution. Third, economic and social factors also played important roles in initiating conflict in Nepal. Nepal remains an agrarian society and lacks an infrastructure for a market-based economic development in most parts of the country. Tourism is one of the important sources of income and employment, after agriculture. Over the last decades, foreign employment and remittance have become the main sources of national revenues. After the establishment of a democratic system in 1990, the aspirations of people for economic development went up astronomically. Nevertheless, peoples aspirations could not be met because of the lack of political stability, clear vision, commitment, and political consensus. Rather, unemployment, inflation, and resource competition provided the breeding ground for the conflict. Failure to jump start economic development by the new political elites contributed to an ever deepening political crisis. The failure to adopt an all-inclusive economic policy widened the gap bet ween rich and poor. Peoples from the oppressed community, scheduled caste, and minority ethnic groups did not have a stake in the countrys economic activities. Corruption, mismanagement, nepotism, and bribery moved the economic situations from bad to worse. Although there was no profound discriminatory economic policy, unequal economic opportunities, unequal access to resources, and vast differences in the standard of living were seen as unfair and illegitimate by the disadvantaged members of the society. Lastly, cultural or perceptual factors also had a considerable impact on the evolution of ethnic problems. Cultural discrimination against minorities was one of the principal, contributing cultural factors for ethnic conflict. The people from different ethnic groups found the educational opportunities inequitable; especially, teaching in minority languages became problematic because of lack of resources and investment. The Madheshi felt the compulsory Nepali language in school as languistic colonialism. Ethnic groups such as Magars, Gurungs, Rai, Limbu, Tamang, Newar, Maithili, and Bhojpuri wanted teaching in their own languages. Group histories and group perceptions also played a role in triggering conflict. Brahmin, Chhetrie, Thakuries and some other martial castes considered themselves the creators of a unified Nepal and took great pride in their nationalist feelings; whereas, other ethnic groups such as the Newar, who were defeated and subjugated during the unification process, c onsidered themselves apart from such glory. Proximate Causes of the Nepalese Conflict While the aforementioned underlying factors have been essential to explain what situations and conditions led to ethnic conflict in Nepal, the proximate causes of internal conflict are more convincing in explaining the ultimate triggers. One of the major proximate causes of Nepalese conflict was the persistent, internal problem of governance after the establishment of democracy in 1990, such as rampant corruption. The power vacuum created by removing the king from the center of state power galvanized many political parties to rush for power. The political parties created various alliances to remain in power in order to serve their personal or partisan interests. This situation made the government unable to cope with societal demands and ameliorate peoples stark challenges. However, a threatening security dilemma did formerly not exist in Nepal; however, as Nepal was not created from the rubble of a larger entity or gained independence from a colonial power. Rather, the government dee mphasized the military structure inherited from the previous Panchayat system, considering it unimportant in the new democratic environment. The government clearly showed skepticism to take ownership of the military. The deemphasizing of the military on one hand, and the emergence of a power struggle between, and among, elites on the other hand, triggered the initiation of ethnicity-based movements all over the country by desperate and opportunistic politicians thereby, preparing the ground for insurgency. As there was a lack of coordination and cooperation between the civilians and the military, the growth of ethnic movements and ineffectiveness of states mechanisms provided the breeding ground for the onset of the insurgency. The Maoists were able to transplant their communist ideology effectively into the ethnic movement. Thus, the energy created by the ethnic movement proved to be a force multiplier for the Maoists to advance their communist agenda. The issues, especially relate d to the inequality, exclusiveness, and discrimination formed basic grievances for different ethnic groups.  [7]  Despite the global declining trend of ideology as a source of conflict, the Maoists were successful in creating a fusionist violent movement by ingeniously combining ethnic conflict and communist ideology. Social and economic problems such as sharp competition for the scarce resources, the increasing divide between the poor and rich, and social, caste-based, inequalities and exclusiveness were the catalyst for the initiation and the growth of the internal conflict in Nepal. The Roles of Elites in the Nepalese Conflict While social and economic problems provided the underlying causes, the internal and external elite-level and mass level factors were more responsible to trigger the conflict.  [8]  External mass-level factors influenced especially the Terai region of the country. The many people of Indian origin that migrated to the plains area of Nepal along the border compounded ethnic tensions with the other non-Terai population. Although there were bad domestic problems and some bad neighborhood effects, the elite-level factors seemed more responsible than mass-level factors. Internal elite-level factors such as power struggles between different political parties; power struggles between political parties and the king; and ideological contests over how to manage the countrys political, economical, and social conditions among different political parties, played important roles in escalating the conflict. The bad leaders problem, created, in turn, an ethnic problem and subsequently lead to open conflict between, and among the government and different minority, ethnic communities. The major political parties were in the government most of the time, yet they could not lead the country towards a positive direction. Instead, the political leaders split the parties to fulfill their vested interests. The political opportunism led to the creation of many undesirable alliances. Such alliances kept on making, and breaking, government power. Some alliances lasted about a year, where some lasted just a few months. This situation created a fertile environment for an insurgency. The external, elite-level contentions, also played an important role in generating ethnic tensions. The foreign powers attitude towards Nepal, intermingling with domestic politics, covert cooperation with disgruntle political parties triggered the conflicts. These countries always had an interest in Nepal for their own security and not least for the vast water resources available in Nepal. The external powers also wanted to maintain their market monopoly in Nepal to pursue their own economic interests. Although they advocated promotion of democracy in Nepal publicly, claiming themselves as promoters of democracy in the world, democracy never remained a real priority in the face of their own national interests. Their indirect interventions became successful because of the attitude of the pro-foreign power political leaders in Nepal. They overtly did not support the Maoists, but the proxy war launched by them effectively paralyzed the states mechanism and contributed to the conflict in tensification. The bad neighbor effects may not have happened without the discrete and deliberate support by these countries. Although neighboring countries meddling in the Nepalese domestic affairs played an important role for the conflict, without the decisions and actions of the Nepalese domestic elites, the conflict could not have been sparked. The domestic elites conflicts were mainly power struggles and were ideological in nature. However, before the emergence of the Maoist Party, the conflict that erupted between competing elites was in effect only a struggle for power. The burgeoning political parties in the new democratic milieu contended for power and forged alliances between one another for one purpose to become the principal national power. Even within the political parties, the leaders competing and forging alliances were numerous, which contributed frequently to making and breaking of governments. This led to aspirations and grievances of underprivileged and minority ethnic groups, to go unheard and unaddressed, causing serious frustrations and dissatisfactions among these groups. These frust rated ethnic groups as well as some political opportunists unable to grasp power through democratic elections, started movements for the rights of ethnic minorities to gain power by another venue. Analysis of ethnic conflict in Nepal At some point, the ethnic self-images and the images of others played important roles to shape ethnic conflict in Nepal. During the monarchical period, the different ethnic groups co-existed because they shared the mutual history of unification of greater Nepal, and converged into a unified language and national character.  [9]  The Chauvinist mythmaking by the Shah dynasty was a hallmark of civic nationalism that contributed to overshadow the ethnic nationalism to some extent. Until the state was strong, no significant ethnic conflict existed in Nepal; however, the ethnic groups started devising mechanism to protect their groups after the state became weak. In certain degrees, the rise on the ethnic conflict was the result of the self-help mechanism employed by ethnic groups to protect their groups interest when the state failed to provide security. However, the decision to adopt a federal system in Nepal by amending the interim constitution acted as an important confidence building measure to promote the rights and positions of minorities by mitigating the strategic dilemma that would have produced violence.  [10]   The third wave of democratization changed the Nepalese political system and institutions as it swept throughout the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and South Asia. The establishment of a liberal democratic institution and globalization changed the social structure in many of the countries around the world. The drastic change in political and economic structure broke existing social contracts resulting in resentment as well as opportunity, and provided fertile ground for the Nepalese political entrepreneurs to mobilize support around ethnic and sectarian identities leading to ethnic conflict.  [11]  Before the beginning of democratization, the ethnic issues were weak and limited among the people at large in Nepal. The political transitioning and democratization in 1990 provided elites ethnicity as a tool to harness popular energies for securing state power as more voters began to play a larger role in politics.  [12]  This led to ethnic conflict when contested elections we re held and varieties of political groups criticized the governmentand each other. Although the new constitution addressed the issue of minority rights, they did not feel their rights guaranteed because the privileged groups showed reluctance to surrender real political authority enjoyed by them versus that of the average Nepali citizen. Thus, initial steps in the rocky transition to democracy increased the risk for ethnic conflict when the immature political parties indulged simply in parochial party politics. Although many ethnic groups were demanding an ethnically-based federal state, only some sections of Madheshi had occasionally demanded an autonomous state with the right of self-determination. This section of the Madheshi people felt that the control of Terai region ensures their survival by protecting group identity. Since the Terai region was populated with Madheshi people and was considered their homeland, they launched a violent conflict when their interests clashed with those of the Maoists. Yet, some of the non-Madheshi groups and some factions within the Madheshi community heavily criticized this idea. Also, for the state, the control of territory was vital for physical survival.  [13]  However, after realizing the state would oppose their sovereignty demands with violence if necessary, these Madheshi backed down from their demand and contended for an autonomous region. It appears that Indian interests also might have played an important role to forgo the right for self-de termination, because such an action might lead to an intensification of a similar demand in an already contested situation in India. The Terai region being the breadbasket and strategically vital Nepal tract of land, the State was likely to use any means and level of violence to secure its control. The Madheshi uprising gained momentum after the Maoists entered the political main stream. The uprising was widely believed to be covertly backed by India primarily for two reasons. First, India wanted to counter the Maoists growing influence over the Terai region. Second, India wanted to exert its influence and control on the Terai region so that it could influence Nepals internal politics. When the Maoists tried to counter the Madheshi activities in the Terai, they faced fierce opposition, and violence broke out. Hostilities targeted the non-Madheshi people living in the Terai region, and many people fled to other areas leaving their homes. The mix of Madheshi and non-Madheshi populations raised the risk of inter- communal conflict during the violent Terai movement started in Gaur.  [14]  However, the rejection of secessionist demands by Madhesh-based political parties and patience from non-Madheshi groups, controlled violence from spreading further. The risk of communal violen ce was not observed in other multi-ethnic parts of the country. The two centuries of cordial intermingling among diverse ethnic groups and three decades of consolidation of civic nationalism under the Panchayat system based on single language and tradition, hardly left any room for a bottom-up demand for ethnic mobilization in Nepal. Certainly, there was ethnic awareness in Nepal, but it would, most likely not have evolved into organized political competition without being capitalized on by the political elites. As Jessica Pimbo asserts, Enduring ethnological cleavages were not likely to occur in the absence of political parties that attempt to mobilize ethnicity.  [15]   The dynamics of massive mobilization of ethnic groups for group-level purposes is not very clear. Altruistic and chauvinist leaders identified with specific groups seem to forgo their individual self-interests while seeking group interests. The subjective identity seems to go along with group identity rather than objective identity, which may only deal with an individuals life history. According to the logic of collective action, the group interests and the personal interest cannot progress concurrently, and most of group-oriented activities do not commensurate with group interests. Thus, alignment of group and self-interest leads to spirals of violence, and a groups betterment comes only at the cost of others. This leads invariably to zero-sum, or even negative-sum, situations in which nobody gains from the conflict.  [16]   The presence of rightist, centrist, and leftist ideologically-based political parties, such as the Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP), the Nepali Congress (NC), and various Communist Parties created tension over the organization of political, economic, and social affairs in Nepal. The ideological tensions existed between hardline communist parties and other political parties. The ideologies were mainly based on economic and class terms, creating struggles over how political, economic, and social affairs should be organized to create a New Nepal.  [17]  Although class-based movements with communist agendas were dwindling in many parts of the world, the Nepalese rebel movement transplanted into the political agendas of indigenous people and ethnic minorities was burgeoning. The Nepal Communist Party (Maoists) emerged because of political, economic, and cultural discrimination; widespread dissatisfaction, inequitable distribution of resources and disproportionate economic development. The Maoists effectively and efficiently utilized the energy and momentum gathered by the different ethnic groups political movements and gave voice to those ethnic minorities agenda with their own. As the amalgamated movement was progressing under the leadership of the Maoists, the government started repressing the movements rather than addressing the underlying causes for the conflict. This approach further propagated the movement and finally resulted in political negotiations; and, ultimately resulted in establishing the Maoists as a largest political party in the country. This movement attempted to shift civic-nationalism to ethno-nationalism in Nepal, and provided the political elites with powerful incentive to play the ethnic card. The mounting economic problem constituted the main reason for people to initially follow an ethnic movement and subsequently as well, a Maoists agenda which in turn had successively taken over many ethnic groupings. Although there were some traces of inter-group grievances, yet the existence of significant antagonistic group histories did not exist. Existing economic problems such as unemployment, increased inflation, and intensifying resource competitions forced more people to join the armed movement for a radical change in the countrys political course. It is evident that the emergence of elite competition was a major proximate cause, where as the socio-economic problems constituted the core for conflict in Nepal. Intensifying elite competitions and mounting economic problems played a crucial role promoting a strong political movement in Nepal; nevertheless, the movements would not have been successful, had there been homogenous populations and fewer ethnic grievances. In other words, had there been economic advancement like in Malaysia, Indonesia, or Thailand, which had ethnic grievances with a similar intensity as in Nepal, the ethnically energized Maoist conflict would not have occurred or succeeded so easily. Michael E. Brown and et. al assert: Sustained economic growth, which gives groups, even relatively disadvantages groups, incentives to avoid conflict and destruction of a system that is bringing more and more economic benefits.  [18]   With the Maoists armed movement causing the death of more than 13,000 human lives, and the ethnic mobilization as part and parcel of the Maoist insurgency, the Nepalese conflict graduated from an ethnic conflict to a hybrid conflict. It was a fusion of ethnic grievances of various ethnic groups and the ideological movement of the Maoists. This hybrid conflict was successful mainly because of the Maoists stratagem to combine ethnic movement with their ideological precepts acquiring the energy of a fusionist movement to fuel their ideological movement. Since this marriage of convenience was primarily focused on achieving success for the Maoists rather than to take on seriously solutions to existing ethnic issues.

Should Church and State be Separate Essay -- essays research papers

Abstract There has been much debate on whether or not the United States has been doing the right thing by keeping church and state as separate entities rather than keeping them entwined as had been the standard for centuries prior to the country’s founding. The list of influences this law could affect is substantial, ranging from the workplace to school functions. Even the way people decorate their offices and houses has come into question from time to time. However, remarkably, every person has a different style of argument and a different way of looking at the available facts. I intend to compare two very different argument styles on both sides of this issue, and how two capable writers use completely different methods of research, facts, and interpretations to propose their opinions. Should Church and State be Separate? Alan Wolfe (2002) speaks about many of the implied hypocrisies during the centuries-long debate over separation of church and state. While most people are brought up to question hypocrisy, Wolfe claims that some level of it is necessary to allow for compassion from the audience. â€Å"Surely we should want our anti-clericalists to have a touch of belief about them, especially when compared to the truly cynical.† Wolfe ( ¶ 14, 2002). In his book, Separation of Church and State, Philip Hamburger called many of the politicians â€Å"†¦opportunistic† however; their type of behavior is often seen throughout our society today. In his article, â€Å"Church and State Should be Separate,† Wolfe (2002) uses lawyers as an example; The history of American jurisprudence is filled with examples of lawyers seeking to build the strongest possible cases for their clients or causes, dropping one argument and employing another if it promises a greater chance of success, even if it seems to contradict the first. ( ¶ 13). Throughout his argument, Wolfe also cites the court case, â€Å"Everson vs. Board of Education,† which placed separation of church and state into constitutional law in 1947. Prior to this case, the set of rules and ethics, God’s or Man’s, that should guide us, the citizens, had been debated but never determined. On the other side of the spectrum stands Steve Bonta. Bonta contends that separation of church and state is a historical mistake waiting to happen. He uses examples from the French Revolution, in which they attempted the same ideal--giving the power to ... ...selves. Favoritism of one religion over another would also lead to more prejudice and unethical happenings in everything from school and businesses to career paths and job security. I also believe that when one religion stands above another, there is always a risk of another holocaust, even if on a smaller scale. Any of the above events would completely negate our Constitution and lead to the utter destruction of our foundation. Americans have come to rely on and trust their freedoms, even if they take them for granted from time to time, and while some would be thrilled to have a religious establishment placed in an area of power, the majority would see it as a lie from the get-go that this country stands for freedom, and all trust in the government would falter, leading to either another American Revolution or tyrannical rule. â€Å"Church and State Should be Separate† Alan Wolfe. Books and Culture September/October, 2002. Retrieved January 08, 2005 from the Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center Database. â€Å"Church and State Should not be Separate† Steve Bonta. New American July, 09, 2002; vol. 18, p. 1. Retrieved January 08, 2005 from the Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center Database.

Bless Me Ultima - Character Analysis :: essays research papers

The Man-Child A child is much like a far-reaching scientific experiment. Both are expensive and in constant need of attention. Nevertheless, an experiment can be terminated at anytime. The experiment of child cannot be aborted, and sometimes the Experiment fails when he or she chooses the wrong path. However, for Rudolfo Anaya’s "Experiment Antonio" of Bless Me, Ultima, the results are promising. Antonio, as a child, already possesses traits that lead to a good and pure life. He is naturally a mature and wise man-child yearning for knowledge. Antonio shows a startling maturity. Psychologically, a typical six-year old will suffer serious mental agonies if he or she witnesses the death of four other people. Tony, however, "[runs] the words of the Act of Contrition" (23) through his mind, praying to God promising that "[he] will sin no more." (170) Furthermore, the typical six year old child will not possess the mentality to question the flaws of a religion nor question why God "forgives all" (173), even murderers. This is not the case for Tony, who is bothered by the fact that God will "forgive Narciso†¦" only "†¦if [Tony] also asks [God] to forgive Tenorio." (173) In addition, Tony’s maturity leads him to order someone to "go get the lifeguard" (239) during the drowning of Florence. At the same time, Tony notices a "red spot on [Florence’s] forehead where he must have hit the edge of the culvert." (240) Death, to a six year ol d, is a mystery while religion is accepted just like the letters of the alphabet. However, Tony’s questions of religion and reactions to death reflect a mindset of someone far beyond his age group. For someone of his age, Antonio has a strong yearning for knowledge. He is "driven by the desire to make [his] the magic of the letters and numbers" (64) and works hard, "eager to learn the secret of the magic." (76) At school, while others "cry†¦and wet [their] pants" (58), Antonio spends his time in the corner "writing [his] name over and over." (58) Even Ultima praises Tony’s willingness to study, saying, "[he] learns as much in one day as most do in a year." (81) However, Tony’s drive for knowledge is not restricted to books; he also "[seeks] more answers" (71) about God. He tries in vain to find the answers why people are made to "suffer [for] Old Eve’s sin," (196) why "†¦didn’t [God] make this earth [free] of evil things" (196), and of why "The Old Man†¦left [Florence] all alone" (195) with no family.

Black People and James Baldwin Essay

A. The theme of Baldwin’s essay is equality. He establishes this theme in his essay with the juxtaposition of a poor white man and a black man. In this essay, Baldwin speaks of how â€Å"People are continually pointing out to me the wretchedness of white people in order to console me for the wretchedness of blacks. † He says that people say that being black is not that bad because there are white people in the same situation and that there is still hope for the black because of people like Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis but it is still not something â€Å"to be regarded with complacency† because the situations of Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis are just rare. Equality in America at the time was possible with â€Å"determined will,† but still very rare. Another way James Baldwin established the theme of equality in this essay was when he mentioned the projects, more specifically, Riverton. Baldwin establishes this theme of equality through mentioning Riverton for Riverton was a physical representation of the inequality of blacks and whites in America back then. Baldwin said, â€Å"The people in Harlem know they are living there because white people do not think they are good enough to live anywhere else. † There was going to be no equality if people were told to live in certain places because of their color. Baldwin also makes this theme extremely clear when he says, â€Å"Negroes want to be treated like men. † B. The tone of the essay, Fifth Avenue, Uptown: A letter from Harlem by James Baldwin and the tone of the poem, Theme for English B by Langston Hughes are similar. They are similar for both authors show that there is hope for equality through the tone of each text. In the poem, Theme for English B, Hughes says â€Å"You are white — / yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. / That’s American. † Hughes expresses that although he may be the only black person in his class, he is still American like the rest of the class and should be considered equal. The tone of the essay and poem is different from the poem Incident by Countee Collen. This poem’s tone is complete opposite from the other poem and essay for Collen uses more of a doubtful tone. This poem is more about just being sad and bothered that blacks and whites are not equal instead of being hopeful for the equality of the two races that is soon to come like the other poem and essay. C. The perspectives on race in these texts are different than in To Kill a Mockingbird for in To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus believes that there is good and bad in everyone and that nobody should be hated or claimed as all bad. In the book, Scout asks Atticus if it is okay to hate Hitler but Atticus says that you shouldn’t hate anybody, no matter how bad they are because there is a good side to them. This shows that Atticus’ perspective on race is different from the authors of the poems and essay for the authors believe that the whites are bad people because blacks and whites are not equal. While Atticus is just like the authors for he wants equality between black and whites, his perspective is different for he believes that this equality will be brought once the good side comes out of the white people.

Memory Boy Essay Essay

The book that I choose to read this 9 week period is called Memory by Will Weaver. The book is based on the lives of a family of 4 people; Miles, Sarah, and their two parents. Memory Boy starts out in the Mid West after a mountain range in Washington erupts and spews ash what seems billions of feet up, and over the entire United Sates like a blanket. The ash is so thick that people have to wear dust masks outside to avoid the risk of breathing it in. Miles and his family finally decide to leave the town that they live in to head northwest. Since the ash is so heavy they can’t drive a car because those are restricted, and people can only use them on certain days to avoid the problem of pollution. So Miles assembles a new vehicle that he calls the Princess. It is a mix between a bicycle and a boat that they must pilot by either peddling, or when there is enough wind they have a sail from a boat to put up. They decide to leave under the curtain of night to avoid being detected by other people who would want to take their vehicle from them. As they make their way North they must face encounters with many obstacles such as road blocks, bandits, hunger, the government, nature, each other, and other hazards. In between telling us about they’re adventure north, Miles, who is the main character tells us the events leading up to their departure, starting with the day that the eruption happened. The novel starts out a peaceful journey by the family but they soon learn that their trip will not be easy and they must work together to survive. Miles is our main character and we watch all the events happen through his point of view. He would be a junior in high school if they still actually went to school. Miles is a smart individual who enjoys doing the job of a mechanic. He built the Princess by himself and is the only one who is about to fix and maintain it throughout the book. He takes a strong leadership role; even his parents look to him to solve the solutions. When the volcano erupted he was only in the 9th grade. So every other chapter he will flashback to his 9th grade year to tell us a story about after the volcano erupted. He often compares his life now to that of his 9th grade year, and how he would have done things different. He used to be disrespectful and would often act out in school to seek attention. He will explain to us how some of the events he tells us about have changed him. Miles sister Sarah is a few years younger than he is. She is a dark and morbid girl; the type that is into vampire, dark music, and dark literature. But even though she seems tough on the outside, but she is actually just hiding how scared she has been throughout this entire ordeal. She secretly looks up to miles even though she would never say so to him. She doesn’t like her father very much because he was always away when she was a child. Miles’s father was a jazz musician in a band before the eruption. He was always on the road with his band, so he wasn’t around much when Miles and Sarah were growing up. Although he seems quite docile at the beginning of the book we soon learn that he is actually quite the leader, and when Miles gets overwhelmed his father is always there to take the lead for awhile. Miles’s mother was the main caretaker of the children so she was always around. At the beginning of the book she kept the family together as a unit, they referred to her as being. The children see their mother as being helpless most of the time. It isn’t until later in the book that she really blooms as a character, and becomes a very useful asset to the group.

Global economic meltdown

First of all we have to cognize about what is MELTDOWN?So if we are speaking about meltdown so we can state it ‘s an economic crisis. In a simple manner we can specify that meltdown is – A DECLINE OR A BREAKDOWN IN A SITUATION OR CONDITION. Global economic meltdown has affected about all states. Strongest of America, European and Nipponese companies are confronting crisis of liquidness and recognition. The planetary economic recession has taken its toll on Indian economic system and because of this it leads to multicrore loss in Indian concern and export orders, 10s of 1000s of occupation losingss particularly in cardinal sectors like the IT, automobiles, industry and export oriented houses. We can state recession is the consequence of decrease in the demand of merchandises in the planetary market. Besides we can state it associates with falling monetary values known as deflation due to miss of demand of merchandise. Recession in US is really bad intelligence for our state because our companies in India have most outsourcing trades from the US. There is besides a diminution in the employment market due to recession in the West. Some companies have laid off their employees and there have been cut in publicities, compensation and fringe benefits of the employee. During recession all companies whether a private sector or authorities sector are hesitating to take up new undertakings and they want to work on bing so recession is really bad for our state.From where recession came in India: –America is most affected state due to planetary recession which comes as a bad intelligence for India, because India have most out sourcing trades from the US. So, the decision is from US recession semen in India. India has been fighting about the impact of US meltdown its economic system and jutting growing rate. Signals of the lag in US economic system are most seeable in the existent estate sector where monetary values have corrected by 15-20 % . In India other sectors have besides started experiencing the lag in economic system. Sectors of Indian economic system chiefly IT affected by the US lag because of its export oriented nature. As we know recession is decrease in demand for goods and services in economic system and so it will turn in to diminish in production, lay-offs and a crisp rise in unemployment. The recent meltdown in US market due to the subprime crisis has a great impact on Indian corporate sector. The unemployment rate in US stood at 6.5 % in 2008. India is a underdeveloped state and US is the biggest consumer of goods produced by developing states and as the ingestion degree in US economic system is traveling down due to recession so the demand of good produced by these states is besides diminishing so it is besides a ground of recession in India which comes from US.Economic meltdown and environment: –First of all what is relation between economic meltdown and environment sustainability?Economic meltdown can adversely impact our environment because with the present economic down bend, many states including India are now more concerned with bracing their economic systems and for this a good extent involves addition usage of natural resources to increase production and market. Therefore the consequence is more natural resources would be used further consuming the extremely lessened planetary resource base. It means every state uses more oil to mine and it reduces the already vanishing planetary oil militias. More fossil fuel might be burnt by industries increasing planetary heating. More sea nutrient would be exported. More of the forest would be cleared for cultivation which is already in fewer sums. All we know recession lessening the fiscal power of the people and so they are bound to do a sudden attack on what is available and low-cost and that would be nil other than the natural resources, so if great attention is non taken by authorities & A ; all so that twenty-four hours is non excessively far when economic meltdown would interpret into a serious environmental meltdown.What we can make to get the better of this: –1. We can promote the people to utilize recycle rules. 2. Concerted attempts should be made by everyone to encompass green life. 3. Policies should be enacted and implemented to guarantee that industries comply with environmental Torahs. 4. Peoples should be encouraged to populate viridity. 5. Governments, NGOs and other administrations should draw resources together and happen permanent solution to the meltdown.Cause of recession: –The chief cause of recession is incensement of monetary value it means harmonizing to demand and supply theory when monetary value of the good additions demand of the good lessenings but in another manner when monetary value of the good additions so supply of the good besides increases. So, the state of affairs at which supply is more than demand is called recession that ‘s why monetary value increasement is one of the chief cause of recession – When a concern adult male invested severely so it do recession. – One of the chief causes of recession is besides globalization. – Medium is besides responsible for recession because every clip they assisting to perpetuate this crisis and state â€Å" fiscal crisis † a concern closes its door someplace. – One of the of import grounds of recession is all large disbursement on easy recognition during good twelvemonth. – Recession is besides caused by stock market clangs.Consequence of recession on Indian economic system: –As we feel the clefts in the face of an temblor so we can state the clefts are besides seeable during recession, when the markets are wholly disrupted the consequence shows. The worst consequence of recession on Indian economic system is unemployment and it is the greatest fright of any adult male that how will he feed his household now? When recession came here the female employees foremost feel the air currents of alteration, as they are more capable of being wounded physically or mentally. They know that they will be suspended from work temporarily or for good. Females who are working as a receptionist, public dealingss & A ; communications, making uneven occupations in the office are picked out when recession came in India. Due to recession exports for January 2009 has declined by 22 % . Companies in the private sector and authorities sector are non taking new undertakings because of recession. Some industries which are most affected by recession were air hoses, hotels, existent estate, beside this Indian exports besides suffered a problem and there was besides a large problem in the production of export-oriented sectors because of recession. Due to this authorities advised these sectors to cut down monetary value. Because of recession industrial production and fabrication end product decreases to 5 % in the last one-fourth of 2008-09. Decrease in demand in the US affected our IT and BPO ( concern procedure outsourcing ) sector and it losingss the chances for immature individual. The celebrated IT sector of India which earned about $ 50 billion as one-year gross is expected to fall by 50 % of its entire grosss. Now it has been estimated that cut down in demand for exports would ensue in the loss of 10 million occupations in the export sector entirely.Consequence of recession on Indian stock market: –Consequence of recession on public sector Bankss: –Due to recession populace sector bank announced to supply place loans at reduced rates to increase demand in retail lodging sector. 1. Loans up to 5 hundred thousands maximal involvement rate fixed at 8.5 % . 2. Loans from 5 to 20 hundred thousand, maximal involvement rate 9.25 % . 3. In instance of pre-payment no punishment to be charged. 4. Free life insurance screen for full outstanding sum. 5. No processing charges on borrowers it means those people who are taking loans. It means a individual can acquire a loan up to 90 % of the value of the house. These lodging bundles will besides give a stimulation it means work like an inducement for other sectors like steel, cement etc.Consequence of recession on fabric industries: –Due to recession orders are worsening from the universe ‘s largest market the United States, the fabric sector of India has been besides affected earnestly. Fabric industry is the 2nd largest employer in India after agribusiness. It generates occupation chances about for 33.17 million workers straight and 54.85 million workers indirectly, but due to recession industry analyst predict that by the terminal of April 2009, about half a million direct workers from fabric, garment and handcraft sectors will lose their occupations. The garments manufactured in India about 60 % are exported to foreign market like United State, EU, and Japan and it generate gross US $ 52 billion, but due to economic meltdown in US & A ; EU it affect textile concern in India and during 2008 the entire end product of fabric sector came down by 10 % . Many export orders are acquiring cancelled.Consequence of recession on Indian agribusiness sector: –Indian agribusiness sector has non affected by planetary economic crisis except some export oriented merchandises. As we know 60-65 % population of India depends on agribusiness and the agribusiness sector of state will salvage the India from the immense impact of the planetary economic recession. This clip agribusiness is the key for Indian growing in this hard clip.Consequence of recession on person ‘s life of different companies: –On Satyam: –Satyam kept about 5000 employees on practical bench and those employees will non acquire full wages, 50-60 % of wages may be cut and figure of working yearss is reduced. Some people may be put on preparation and the wage paid is merely 25 % . So practical bench is partial ballad off, it is a cost film editing method because employees are the biggest cost for an IT company.On Wipro: –Wipro is the figure three Indian package services exporter, and due to recession Wipro consequences fail to fit outlooks. Indian IT outsourcing company Wipro is seeing a few clients because of less demand of the merchandise at the clip of recession. Company beginnings reveal that a figure of employees have been put under the monolithic layoffs status. Wipro senior concern adviser Pavan vyas said, the recession has challenged the manner of company. The company ‘s equal it means ability have besides been affected by the recession. So we can state US recession will surely impact the Indian IT sector.On Kotak Mahindra: –At the clip of recession international finance corp. ( IFC ) a World Bank group member, will give trade funding of $ 51 million to kotak Mahindra bank to help little and average endeavors hit by recession. The main economic expert of the international monitory fund Olivier Blanchard and several IMF economic experts have proposed that authorities should offer RECESSION INSURANCE. Companies and persons would purchase insurance policies, pay a regular premium for them and have a benefit if some step of the economic system like GDP growing, dropped below a specified degree. And recession insurance might assist relieve the economic crisis by cut downing uncertainness. Furthermore, recession insurance might, in contrast to financial policy, enforce no cost on the authorities, for it stimulates assurance, so the hazard being insured against it prevented. The authorities ‘s ability to offer such insurance on a scale sufficient to do it costless is one ground to favor a public strategy over private insurance company. Blanchard and his co-workers point out that Bankss might conditions loans to houses on their purchase of recession insurance, which might assist recognition markets function better, turn toing a serious job underlying the current crisis. So at the clip of recession kotak Mahindra bank do committedness with IFC to assist concern in India. This is the first bank IFC has supported in trade finance in India under its planetary trade finance programme.On TATA: –TATA is besides affected by it, recession hit wages gaining possible down, consumer capacity to purchase a auto it means consumer does non desire to take hazard and pass their money on the merchandise at the clip of recession so it affect the place of the company. Indian outsourcing provider TATA consultancy services ( TCS ) saw that their gross revenues decelerate and net incomes stagnate during its last one-fourth. Many outsourcing in India have been hit by the planetary slack in fiscal services and the state of affairs is set to decline as western economic systems spiral into recession. For the one-fourth ended 30th September 2008 TATA saw gross revenues increase about 15 % and for the same one-fourth last twelvemonth the house saw gross revenues growing of around 45 % so we can state TATA is besides affected by recession severely.On Maruti Udyog Limited ( MUL ) : –At the clip of recession Maruti zooms to rural market for gross revenues. We all are cognizant about it that planetary meltdown has surely hit the Indian auto industry hard as the figures prove the industry posted a growing rate of 11 % from April to October 2007 which has fallen to merely 3 % in 2008, why ; because of recession. Gross saless of little autos has besides decreased in the face of the recognition squeezing and to counterbalance the loss Maruti now plan to tap the rural market 60 % of which runs on hard currency. They launched a new theoretical account in Ludhiana at the clip of recession to convey some exhilaration into the market and they observe that the Indian rural market has a batch potency. At the terminal of 2008 the top functionary of Maruti udyog limited company says that recession has no impact on Suzuki. Katsumi Takata pull offing manager of Nipponese two-wheeled elephantine Suzuki says that recession has non affected us during the launch of their ace motorcycle Hayabusa. He said may be recession get downing, may be from the last month, may be this tendency continues for a piece but so far we are concerned, we are still turning. Every month we are traveling up.Consequence of monetary value on FOOD during recession: –Even as the universe is fighting to contend planetary market meltdown with companies plundering employees and industries scaling down production but the universe besides have to undertake nutrient deficit and surging monetary values in the approaching yearss. Harmonizing to united state Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) the current fiscal crisis will adversely impact agribusiness sectors in many states including India. This warning is issued by the FAO despite anticipations that universe cereal production is set to hit a new record of some 2.24 billion metric tons in 2008/2009. Again, planetary rice production is besides expected at 450 million metric tons during the same period. Still, this twelvemonth ‘s record cereal crop and the recent autumn in nutrient monetary values should non make a false sense of security. If the current monetary value volatility and liquidness conditions prevail in 2008/09, plantings and end product could be affected to such an extent that a new monetary value rush might take topographic point in 2009/10, unleashing even more terrible nutrient crises than those experient late. The study besides noted that most of the recovery in cereal production took topographic point in developed states, where husbandmans were in a better place to react to high monetary values. In contrast, developing states were mostly limited in their capacity to react to high monetary values by supply side restraints on their agricultural sectors. The FAO study farther noted that universe agribusiness was confronting serious long-run issues and challenges that need to be desperately addressed. These include land and H2O restraints, low investings in rural substructure and agricultural research, expensive agricultural inputs comparative to farm-gate monetary values and small version to climate alteration.Consequence on advertisement spends during recession: –* FOR SOME, its half glass empty. For the remainder, its likely half full. So how does this recession hit the Indian online media infinite? Nowadays, trade names are looking for more advanced ways to pull clients – whether be it increasing trade name consciousness, geting users, advancing new merchandises or merely tapping into a new section. India being the biggest untapped and fastest turning on-line market in the universe – trade names are more than happy to research this infinite and utilize their money intelligently. * The Indian online infinite is dining with new and advanced websites/portals. Which was the last ad you saw while you were surfing the Internet? With the rise of societal networking and its habit-forming range – we ‘ve seen all genres of ads splashed online. The first clip I heard about the film ‘Rock On ‘ was via Bigadda.com – would you believe it! Even production houses are utilizing on-line media to make its audiences as opposed to the obvious medium of pick – the telecasting. With e-papers, e-bills, e-banking, on-line articles, intelligence, picture, music etc – everything can be accessed through the Internet. So why should advertizers remain off? * Trade names do non look to be cut downing their advertisement investing ; alternatively they are puting money in the right media vehicles. They are weighing all the options and maximizing returns. With the Indian Web infinite boxing a mix of both online and offline advertisement solutions, trade names want every penny ‘s worth at this clip of recession. * At this clip of seamless engineering, GPRS, 3G and state-of-the-art Mobile phone – the nomadic WAP infinite is a front smuggler for advertizers in footings of media vehicles. * Recession has decidedly forced advertizers to believe – to believe about more cheaper and effectual advertisement options.How we can undertake or command the planetary recession?As we know IT industries, fiscal sectors, existent estate proprietors, auto industry, investing banking and other industries as good are facing heavy loss due to the autumn down of planetary economic system. Federation of Indian Chamberss of Commerce and Industry ( FICCI ) found that faced with the planetary recession, stock lists industries like garment, treasures, fabrics, chemicals and jewelry had cut production by 10 per cent to 50 per cent â€Å" Our economic system is shriveling, unemployment axial rotations are turning, concerns and households ca n't acquire recognition and little concerns ca n't procure the loans they need to make occupations and acquire their merchandises to market, † Obama said. So undermentioned steps we can follow to command recession- * Tax cuts are by and large the first measure any authorities takes during slack. * Government should boost its disbursement to make more occupations and hike the fabrication sectors in the state. * Government should seek to increase the export against the initial export. * The manner out for builders is to cut down the unrealistic monetary values of belongings to convey back the purchasers into the market. And therefore raise fundss for the uncomplete undertakings that they are developing. * The falling rupees against the dollar will convey a encouragement in the export industry. Though the purchasers in the West might go scarce. * The oil monetary values diminution will besides hold a positive impact on the importers * Home & gt ; Technology & gt ; ArticleBenefit of recession: –The â€Å" occupation † of a recession is to clean the â€Å" fat † out of the system, wipe up up surplus, and pave the manner for the following enlargement. Until that procedure is complete, there is n't much from which a legitimate enlargement can originate. Recessions put weak companies out of concern. In so making, sdeployed more expeditiously elsewhere. For illustration, Wall Street analysts who touted belly-up Internet stocks are redeployed at local fast nutrient eating houses to function people in a capacity for which they are much better suited. Stronger concerns that have used the contraction to tauten up their underside lines and turn more efficient are able to take advantage of these resources during the resulting enlargement. The economic system emerges from a recession leaner, more efficient and in good form for the following moving ridge of growing and advancement.