Old English

Old English ‘Without Latin, English would have an impoverished vocabulary Latin is one of the languages that has most influenced English since its birth as a language. In this essay we are going to approach the Latin influence in vocabulary along the periods of the English language to see if, without the Latin influence it would be as rich as it is now with it and if the language would be impoverished or not. Development In its beginnings, Old English did not have the large number of words borrowed from Latin and French that now form part of English vocabulary. Old English was a very flexible language capable of using old words and giving them new uses. Latin has been the second great influence on English. It was the language of an educated and sophisticated civilization from which the Saxon peoples wanted to learn. The contact between these people was at first commercial and military but then it also became religious and intellectual. Before going to England the Germans had already had contact with the Romans and of course, from this contact they acquired some Latin words. When Christian was introduced in England, the people living there adopted many Latin elements. English borrowings from Latin came in three waves that extended the resourced of their vocabulary. â€Å"A connection between Latin and English is indicated by such correspondences as pater with English father, or frÄ ter with brother, although the difference in the initial consonants tends somewhat to obscure the relationship† (Baugh, Cable 1993:18) Albert Baugh and Thomas Cable, in their book ‘A history of the English language divide the Latin influences in the vocabulary in three stages: The continental borrowing, the Latin through Celtic transmission and the Latin influence of the second period and the norman conquest. We are going to see three occasions in which borrowings from Latin occurred  ¿Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¿before the end of the old English period: During the continental borrowing, the words were introduced because of the contact the German tribes had had with the Romans on the continent. Some of the words introduced were already present in the early Germanic dialects because of the trading contact. The Germans coming back from the empire brought with them words apart from goods. The words they adopted indicated new conceptions related with things they did not know or for which they did not have terms. The germans in the empire dedicated themselves to agriculture and war, as some words like camp (battle), segn (banner), weall (wall), pytt(pit), strÅ“t (road, street), mÄ «l (mile) and miltestre (courtesan) show. Owing to the commercial relationship most words are related to trade. One of the things they traded was wine and we can observe words like wÄ «n (wine), eced (vinegar). They also traded domestic and household articles plus clothing as in cytel (kettle L.Catillus). In the art of buildings and construction there were words like copor (copper), pic (pitch) or tigele (tile). The words the Germans borrowed reflected the kind of relationships they had. In the Celtic transmission, which had a poor influence on old English made the Latin influence be limited too during the roman occupation. The extent to which the country had been Romanised and the use of latin by the population were not influential. Some terms could be found in placenames but a direct contact between latin and old English was not possible during this period because the Latin words came thought the transmission of the celts and their interaction with old English was weak. Words like ceaster ( L. castra. Camp) which today forms English place names as Manchester or Doncaster or words like port (harbour, gate, town) from Latin portus and porta; munt (mountain) from latin montem were introduced. The influence of the language in the first period was the slightest of all. The Latin influence of the second period and the greatest of all was the Christianizing of Britain that started in 597. From this moment until the end of the old engliush period around 500 years later words made their way into English thanks in most cases to monasteries. It is needless to say that most of the terms introduced had to do with the new religion. Some words like church or bishop already belonged to the language because they had been introduced before but the vast majority of terms having to do with churches and their services were introduced in this period. Some examples are abbot, deacon, disciple, angel, althar, anthem, pal, pope, psalm. But the church did not only influence religiously speaking. Some terms related to the domestic life of people, clothes, food, trees, plants, education, miscellaneous things or literature were introduced. Words like cap or silk, lentil or caul (cabbage), pine or lily, the word plant itself, school, master, grammatic(al), meter, notary, a nchor, sponge or elephant or calend or talent. There was a great influence in the early years of Christianity in England. As the Latin influence always came and went hand in hand with the church new words when with the Benedictine reform. The imports were different now and they expressed scientific and learned ideas. But some words were still related to religious matters antichrist, apostle or demon. The words that predominated in this period were the literary and learned ones. Some examples are accent, history, paper, title. Plant names like coriander, cucumber, ginger. Trees like cypress or laurel, some terms related to medical matters like cancer, paralysis and some others related to animals like scorpion, tiger. Despite the introduction of all these words English did not always adopt them to express a new concept. An old word was generally applied to a new object or thing with a small adaptation in order to convey new meanings. The Anglo-Saxons, for example, did not borrow the words for which they already had a meaning. According to Baugh, as a result of the Christianizing of Britain some 450 Latin words appear in English writings before the close of the English period (Baugh and 1993:86) In spite of this, some words did not make their way into general use until later, when they were reintroduced but others were fully accepted and incorporated into the language. Before the Norman Conquest Latin was the language used by the church and the one of scholarship, international communication and administration but then, after the conquest, it was replaced by French. But the Norman Conquest was the period in which a larger number of Latin borrowings were introduced. In this period we include the words borrowed from French (derived from Latin) and those directly borrowed from Latin itself although they were less popular that the French and usually obtained their admission through written language. In the 13th and 14th centuries England could have spoken three languages English, French and Latin. Latin was also the principal channel through which Greek words reached English. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were really prolific in Latin borrowings. Some of them were conspiracy, distract, frustrate or history among many other common terms used in everyday speech. (Asiq teniendo en cuenta esto sin el latà ­n el ingles seria un idioma pobre porq no tendria ni la influencia griega que llego a travà ©s de à ©l ni la francesa que procede del latà ­n). As Barbara Strang mentioned in her book ‘A history of English it remains to note that from this super abundant wealth English has discarded a number of items picked up, jackdaw-wise, more for glitter than for use and that this was particularly noticeable among the Latin words of the 16c. (Strang 1989:129) The Renaissance in the 16th century and the revival of classical learning made the number of Latin borrowings increase. Many of these words came by means of French because in Middle English, Romanic elements were Gallicized but in Modern English they came directly from Latin. Related to this Barbara Strang said that â€Å"we cannot always be certain whether a word is a direct loan from Latin or mediated by French† (Strang 1989:186). In the 17 th and 18 th centuries there was a Latin diction. The writers that had been brought up in the tradition of the classics provoked a reaction in which the Saxon element of the language was glorified and made stronger. For them, the Latin and French words were very literary and abstract and they rejected them Cassidy says that English has been exposed to Latin influence throughout its history but the Latin borrowings found in our days are far smaller than might have been expected (Robertson 1954:152) To know how many exact Latin words have been borrowed into English is impossible. In our days it is important to mention that the most part of the modern and technique words in English, those related to computers, derive from Latin roots and not from Germanic. For example the word computer is a derivation of the Latin verb computare which means count or calculate. The word delete, which means ‘to erase what is written in a computer, comes from the Latin verb delere, which means to erase. Curiously, those people who have studied Latin know that the second person of the imperative of the verb delere is delete. Robertson also recognises this influence and says that â€Å"in present day technical and scientific English, Latin shares with Greek the source of a host of new coinages, or of few applications of words already adopted† (Robertson 1954:155) â€Å"This is not a matter merely of the number of words borrowed, for in that respect, Latin, at least, is ahead of French. What it means is that far more of the French words have become a part of the essential core of modern English† (Robertson 1954:155) Coger algo de la 187 a la 189 de Barber!! Y se acabà ³ Conclusion Ver pags 173 y 174 para la conclusià ³n en nà ºmero. English would be in some kind impoverished. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES Albert Croll Baugh,Thomas Cable A history of the English language ELECTRONIC RESOURCES http://www.orbilat.com/Influences_of_Romance/English/RIFL-English-Latin-The_Inflluences_on_Old_English.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_influence_in_English http://www.wordinfo.info/words/index/info/view_unit/4197/?letter=Espage=4

Saudi Student Organization; Objectives

Just like any other organizations for international students in the university, we aimed to provide family oriented environment for our members. We are genuinely inviting other Saudi students therefore to get involved with â€Å"The Saudi Student Organization at USI†, as we firmly believe that our common culture and social orientation will help us to work more effectively as family and organization. This organization will represent Saudi culture, civilization and history and link them to other USI students of whatever nationality. Furthermore, this organization will help strengthen the social bonds of Saudi students as we are going to redefine the common misconceptions about us. Basically one of its objectives is to increase the members’ understanding towards Saudi and Middle Eastern cultures and to provide them with better understanding with American culture as well. In this way, Arabic students will be able to cope and adjust to the American culture easier and faster. Since, we are anticipating an increasing number of students from Saudi Arabia; we are also aiming to increase the number of our members in SSO. Assuredly, this organization will respond effectively to the members’ special needs and to ensure smooth and positive integration and relationship between other students in the campus. The Saudi Student Organization will provide many opportunities to students from Saudi Arabia and the like to share the beauty and authenticity of their culture and tradition and thus engaging in meaningful and educational dialogues with American students and others. Apparently, the main objective of this is to increase mutual understanding among individuals inside the campus. Furthermore, to be involved in this organization will give the Arabic students opportunities to continue fulfilling and practicing their tradition and religion within their co Arabic members who share the same beliefs. Therefore, there will never be a sense of isolation in this organization since every member can always find something or someone to relate to. They can always accumulate updates towards their culture within the organization and can share ideas and thoughts on how to reaffirm their identity in a foreign country like United States. Meanwhile, SSO will also represent and address the concerns of its members in the administration. Thus, SSO guarantees its members that they always have a voice through their support group. New members, that are those who just came from their country of origin, will be guaranteed that they will acquire enough orientation through SSO about the university as a whole; its culture, trends, academic pattern and sense of community. Furthermore, members will be exposed too to various activities of the university inside and outside. In this way, they can widen their experiences towards different culture and people and as a result they will have more chance to widen their social network, learning and wisdom. Apparently SSO will guarantee its members that learning will not stop within the confinement of the four corners of the classroom but rather SSO will assure them that we will provide them free learning activities and experiences. These objectives will make the members more tolerant and flexible in a society where there is an apparent diversity of culture and different set of belief system. Aside from the aforementioned objectives, SSO will also help its members to develop their leadership skills and self esteem and to explore their full potentials. This will be beneficial for the application of their profession in the future. Interestingly, joining SSO will be a good and wise investment for future endeavors. Members will also be exposed to different kinds of experiences that will even give them many opportunities to help people through sharing and camaraderie. In the future, they will become tolerant and flexible individuals who are prepared to face different kinds of circumstances. Throughout these objectives, SSO conclusively encourage its members to be globally competitive to ensure success not just materially but socially, spiritually and intellectually. We are thus encouraging our co Saudi students to join Saudi Student Organization (SSO) as we want you to experience the fulfillment of our goals and objectives.

Student leadership - 1112 Words

Student Leadership Application 1. Why do you want to be a member of the Student Academy Leadership Team? I would like to be a member of the Student Academy Leadership team because I think I’d make a good head boy and I’d do everything I can to make a difference to the academy and improve anything that needs to be improved. I am only in year 7 meaning I’m not too familiar with the Academy but so far I love it. I think our school is outstanding and it’s an honour to be able to attend the Acaemy as a student. I believe I have the skills and the ability to make a different to the Academy to make it a better place for us kids to enjoy learning and be able to transform our learning, transform our lives and to transform our community. I†¦show more content†¦To organise any events or fulfil the duties I would happily spend some of my break. I will take the time out of my days to catch up in my studies and organise any events instead of watching TV. Even though I will try to fit everything in and not just stay at home all day watching TV I would still give my self some free time so I don’t get stressed out or overworked. I would also be prepared and ask for deadlines to make sure I do the tasks on time. I may even make a routine for myself for example when I get home at around 4, I could change, eat and shower at a certain and then spend a few hours on revising and homework, then spend some time on fulfilling my responsibilities as a student leader. 6. Which public figurehead/leader is inspirational to you and why? My inspirational leader would be Nelson Mandela, Nelson Mandela was a very important leader in history, and he sacrificed most of his life for equal rights and opportunities to black people. Nelson Mandela was the first black South African President and fought to stop racism. Mandela was imprisoned in 1962; he spent 27 years in prison simply to save millions of people from slavery. For that reasons he is my hero and my inspirational leader, he inspires me to be a better person and lead students in a goodShow MoreRelatedStudent Leadership And The Student Association For Chinese University Students1468 Words   |  6 PagesStudents attending universities, with the emphasis switching from only focusing on academic experience to combining academic and social performance together. This study is an investigation of the GPA, family background and demographic predictors of being leaders in the student association for Chinese university students in elite universities. Questionnaires data wer e collected from 1661 students in four elite universities in 2013 to 2015. The GPA was identified as the most significant predictor ofRead MoreStudent Leadership As A Student Leader704 Words   |  3 PagesThere are student leaders for those to have an experience gained from a leadership role, which will be valuable for a lifetime. A student leader is nevertheless faced with several obstacles in the learning environment that encourage hands-on experience. They teach skills such as planning, decision-making, communicating, and working as teammates are all skills that will build as a student leader since it is something that students may not receive in classrooms often. When receiving leadership positionsRead MoreStudent Leadership Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many positions that high school students can occupy that are considered student leadership positions. They can be teachers’ assistants, football captains, cheerleading captains, or student body presidents. All of these require students to be of good character and strong mind. However, none of these can compare to the demands on the drum major. The drum major is the student leader of the band, and he is, at the same time, a role model, a teacher, a friend to all, an excellent musicianRead MoreThe Leadership Practice Of A Nursing Student1329 Words   |  6 PagesAs a nursing student, I have had great success forming therapeutic relationships with my clients and have received positive feedback from clinical instructors about my patient communication. However, I experience uncertainty when interacting with peers or colleagues. My lack of confidence translates into difficulty forming effective professional relationships. This assessment is reflected in my Clinical Leadership Survey as a deficit in the leadership practice of Encouraging the Heart. This practiceRead MoreA Social Work Student Leadership Essay1591 Words   |  7 Pages1. As a social work student leadership means a great deal. Social workers take lead when we step up and speak for those who are unable. We do as much as we can for those who need help. Even if that means we have to work harder and harder each year to keep up with current event, research, i nterventions, theories, etc. Part of being a leader in social work includes staying current so we know what has been proven to better assist us in helping our clients. There also has to be a want to learn. WantingRead MoreDefinition Of Project : Student Leadership1748 Words   |  7 PagesDefinition of Project: Many student leadership experiences that create a large growth spurt for student leaders offer the occasion for students to experience opportunities to grow their skills in organization, motivation, building a product and simulating the same level of responsibility in a seemingly high level situation but with a safety net. Often this possibility to get to lead inspires those fortunate enough to get the chance, to being to yearn for that same level of autonomy in the workplaceRead MoreThe Effect Of Leadership And Teachers On Students Achievement1278 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract Each school in Australia strives to create an environment in which all students have equal access to quality education which can enable them to become successful contributors to society. This paper aims to examine the research on the effect of leadership and teachers on student achievement. It will examine the research on leadership styles and the effects that leadership has on teachers and student achievement. Introduction Australia, like most developed nations, has seen dramatic educationalRead MoreServant Leadership Influence on Student Mentoring1607 Words   |  7 PagesServant Leadership Influence on Student Mentoring Mentoring is a committed collaborative partnership, not a dependent relationship. According to Bernier, Larose, and Soucy (2005), the relationship and commitment created within a mentoring program is crucial for its success in assisting the mentee. Past studies have focused on student mentoring and its influence on academic performance, retention, and graduation. The thesis of this paper will examine the theory of servant leadership and itsRead MoreEssay on My Leadership Philosophy for Student Leadership1009 Words   |  5 Pagesneed. This type of leadership is typically known as â€Å"situational leadership,† where the key concept is every situation is different, so each situation requires a specific, unique leader. For a person to be a great leader, one does not have to necessarily assume a â€Å"bossy† persona, which is stereotypically characterized with all leaders, but being a leader based on listening. Being this background leader is known to many as, †Å"servant leadership.† Servant and situational leadership is how I can characterizeRead MoreLeadership Lessons And Reflections Of A Student Employee Essay2038 Words   |  9 Pagesworking in libraries. My career started as a student employee and quickly progressed to a student supervisor managing a service. With each promotion and career change, I added new knowledge, skills, and confidence. Almost thirty years later, I am still assessing what I have learned and still need to learn. With each class and text, I find knowledge and relevant insights inviting me to grow as a leader. The readings in the text, The Art of Leadership, discussions with classmates, and extra research

The Problem Of Drug Trafficking - 1463 Words

Imagine sitting in class taking a test just like any other normal test day, and suddenly you look up and see a big drug gang arresting 43 of your fellow classmates. You probably read this and think â€Å"That’s impossible, the police won’t allow it† but on September 26, a drug gang just did what you thought was impossible. The drug gang allegedly abducted and killed 43 students in Mexico’s Southern Guerrero State. This picture makes me think of injustice. I feel this way because I close my eyes and imagine me being right there, in that square with the photographer. It makes me feel injustice because I see tons of pictures of missing citizens and notice that more are missing then more are being found. It truly sets a scar in my heart seeing a wrong do no right. Drug Cartels in Mexico are responsible for hundreds of people being kidnapped and killed. Some of those kidnapped are high profile public figures but many of the individuals that are kidnapped are innocent Mexican civilians caught up in the drug war. These individuals are held captive for ransom in an attempt by the drug cartels to raise money and intimidate the authorities and the people of Mexico. The photo above dramatically illustrates the problem facing the Mexican people. A woman is sitting beneath a banner made of caution tape strung with the pictures of missing children. Thirteen black and white faces stare out at us as we can only imagine their fate. Ironically, the woman sits next to a big pile of brightlyShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Drug Trafficking1669 Words   |  7 Pagesfood, but restricting others like illegal immigration and drug trafficking. The US has been trying to stop drug smugglers and illegal immigration by setting some policies. When Salinas became the pre sident of Mexico, his number one priority was to stop drug trafficking and smuggling it into the US so both countries could sit and talk about NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). Drug trafficking was and still is the number one problem in Mexico. â€Å"During Salina’s six-year term in office, arrestsRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Trafficking10787 Words   |  44 Pagesng in the United States Drug trafficking is the worldwide illegitimate trade, which involve the cultivating, producing, distributing and the selling of materials that are subject to the drug proscription laws. There are a number of drugs which are trafficked into the United States. These include, but are not limited to heroin, marijuana and cocaine. The system of drug trafficking in the United States as well as in other countries and continents remains very complex. Although the government and non-governmentRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Use And Trafficking843 Words   |  4 Pagesessay on the problem of drug use and trafficking and the multiple possibilities of solving this issue) It has come to my attention that a certain issue needs to be addressed and if this issue continues to grow then this town could see some serious changes and people could find themselves in serious dilemmas. The issue I am addressing is drug use and trafficking that has been known of for many years. Due to the fact that the least bit of attention has been brought upon drug trafficking it has begunRead MoreDrug Trafficking Is The International Problem1390 Words   |  6 PagesDrug trafficking is the illicit production transportation and trade with drugs. These drugs are produced in one country of the world and with strong network communication are traded to different destination of the world. It is clear that the existence of drug trafficking is the international problem, which needs rapid solutions. The harmful impact of drugs is commonly known all over the planet, that is why the majority of the drugs prohibited. Also it has a tremendous social impact that is breakingRead More I llicit Trade and Drug Trafficking Proving to be a Major Problem1291 Words   |  6 Pagesand Drug Trafficking Proving to be a Major Problem Drug trafficking and illicit trade have proven to be major problems that the international community face as it enters into the twenty-first century. Currently the illegal drug trade market is one of the largest sectors of the modern global economy. Because of this fact, the drug trade is deeply rooted in many nations economic and social cultures, which makes it very difficult to control. Drug trafficking also brings with it the problems of organizedRead MoreDrug Trafficking: An Ongoing Battle Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesDrug trafficking is a prohibited, global trade that involves the production, the distribution, and the sales of drugs. It is a topic that has become a very large issue all over the world. It also has had a very big effect on many different countries because they often depend on the business that the drug trafficking creates. Since it has become such a problem, there have been many different efforts to put a stop to drug trafficking by different enforcement agenc ies. A website about drug statisticsRead MoreDrugs Are Bad, M’Kay. Drug Trafficking Is A Very Serious1074 Words   |  5 PagesDrugs are bad, m’kay. Drug trafficking is a very serious problem. Simple solutions such as legalization of the drugs to prevent all problems and taxing it to make money off of would be common sense but it doesn’t happen. I know that some drugs aren’t illegal in some states and countries but it hasn’t turned into a problem for them. I am curious to know more about how it affects the economy, why people do it, and what are resolutions for the issue. Most countries have to deal with it everywhereRead MoreWar On Drugs And Drug Trafficking960 Words   |  4 Pageshuman trafficking, drug trafficking, and weapons trafficking. One of the most harmful organized crimes is drug trafficking. What makes drug trafficking organized is the system of production to distribution. Drug trafficking organizations have a hierarchy of power from the kingpins to the couriers. Drug also has political influence they are able to bribe and blackmail politicians. Trafficking drugs is a multi-billion-dollar business, and the United States is one of its largest markets. Drug traffickingRead MoreGlobal Crime Analysis1134 Words   |  5 Pagesworld. Global crime can be international drug smuggling operations, human trafficking, or international prostitution rings. Weapons trading are also a problem that exists all over the world. There are always concerns of rogue nations selling nuclear weapons to other nations that do not follow the guidelines of the world community. In the international community, human trafficking has become an issue that is spiraling out of control. The International Trafficking (2010) website cites that victims ofRead MoreWhy Drug Trafficking Continues to Rise Despite the Risks Involved1181 Words   |  5 PagesDrug use around the world is very common. According to Drug Trafficking, â€Å"The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime estimates that 208 million people worldwide use drugs annually on at least one occasion.† Illegal drug trafficking is an increasing issue around the world that many people are not aware of. This issue causes problems to people everywhere, whether they are involved with drugs or not. Cocaine use has many harmful effects for people. For example, it can cause problems in a child if